Morphology

This is the branch of science that studies the shape and structure of organisms as a whole. With plants, it investigates the structures and common organization of the root, stem, leaves and fruits; and with animals and human beings, compares and analyzes their physical structure.59

Sub-branches of morphology include anatomy, the study of the visible internal and external structures of organisms; histology, the study of the microscopic structure of the tissues that make up organs; cytology, the study of the microscopic structure of the cells that make up tissues; and embryology, the study of all the phases between the fertilized egg (zygote) and the emergence of an independent organism.60

Comparisons between the homologous or analogous organs of living things are performed on the basis of findings obtained from morphology. (See Homologous Organs; Analogous Organs.) All living things with similar morphologies are regarded as homologous in order to construct a supposed evolutionary relationship between them. However, there is no scientific basis for this. Indeed, there are many examples of species that resemble each other very closely, but between which no so-called evolutionary relationship can be constructed-and this represents a major inconsistency from the point of view of evolutionist claims.

59. Musa Özet, Osman Arpacı, Ali Uslu, Biyoloji 1, Istanbul: Sürat Publishing, 1998, p. 10.
60. Prof. Dr. Eşref Deniz, Tıbbi Biyoloji(Medical Biology), 4th edition, Ankara, 1992, p. 6.